Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Hukum Mendel- Genetik Arnab

Salam. Saya ingin berkongsi maklumat tentang genetik arnab nie memandangkan warna-warna yg ada pada arnab ni sangatlah banyak dan menarik. Untuk menjadi penternak arnab yang berjaya, kita mesti tahu warna arnab jantan apa yang sesuai untuk dikahwinkan dengan arnab betina supaya kita dapat baka yang berkualiti dan cantik. Berkualiti yang saya maksudkan adalah menetapi piawaian ARBA, di mana warna-warna tersebut layak untuk dipertandingkan. Mungkin juga ramai di kalangan kita yang lebih suka mengahwinkan arnab2 tanpa mempelajari salasilah genetik arnab, asalkan warna arnab itu menarik maka keturunannya pun mestilah warna cantik jugak......tapi perlu diingat jika kita mempunyai kepakaran dalam gentik arnab, kita dapat merancang dan meramal warna anak2 arnab yang bakal dilahhirkan.

Ok, cuba kita ingat kembali hukum mendel yang kita pelajari waktu di sekolah dulu. Contohnya, 'B' untuk gen hitam yang dominan dan 'b' untuk gen coklat yang resesif. Jadi arnab yang ada gen BB,Bb dan bB pasti akan warna hitam dan arnab gen bb sahaja akan warna coklat. Masalah utama adalah kita tak tahu samada arnab hitam kita gen BB ataupun Bb. Untuk dapatkan kepastian samada arnab hitam itu ada gen resesif, kita perlu kahwinkan dia dengan arnab yang ada gen resesif sahaja, iaitu bb. Kalau setiap kali anak2 yg dilahirkan ada warna coklat, maka kita dapat pastikan yang arnab hitam tu adalah Bb.

Secara asasnya memang nampak senang, tapi apa yang kompleks nya setiap gene arnab ada macam2,yg kawal corak warna, pudar atau cerah, ada tompok ke tidak, semuanya terletak kat kromosom arnab tu. Kalau kita kaji betul2 kita akan sedar bahawa Allah sangat berkuasa kerana kromosom yang kecil kat badan kita nie mempunyai ciri2 dia yg tersendiri untuk mengawal rupa bentuk seseorang. Beribu2 corak dan warna yang ada pada arnab hari ni adalah hasil daripada gabungan pigmen warna arnab yang asas iaitu coklat, gelap dan kuning. Kalau putih menunjukkn arnab itu tak ada pigmen warna, contohnya albino, arnab putih bermata merah.

Gen terbahagi kepada dua kumpulan iaitu gen warna bercorak (color pattern genes). Gen ni akan menentukan corak pada arnab samada agouti, tan, ataupun takdak langsung corak. Satu lagi adalah gene warna. Gen ini akan tentukan pigmen warna pada bulu arnab samada terang atau pudar. Kat bawah nie adalah table genetik warna bulu arnab, saya ambil dari http://www.debmark.com/rabbits/genetics.htm.

Rabbit Hair Color Genetics

Gene Name Description Examples
A Agouti pattern of banded hair Has tan, fawn, or white at eye circles, triangle at nape of neck, feet, legs, and inside of ears. Has white belly. Chestnut,
Opal,
Lynx,
and Chinchilla
Netherland Dwarfs
at Tan pattern Solid color instead of banded hair. Has tan, fawn, or white at eye circles, triangle at nape of neck, feet, legs, inside of ears, and belly. Silver Marten,
Tan,
Otter Rex
a Self-Color (non-agouti) The hair lacks the banding, there is generally one color throughout. New Zealand Black,
American Blue,
Chocolate Havana
Gene Name Description Examples
B Black In agouti (A_), produces the black band.
In self (solids) (aa), produces solid black color.
With A_: Chestnut and Chinchilla Netherland Dwarfs
With at_: Black Silver Marten
With aa: New Zealand Black
b Brown (Chocolate) In agouti (A_), produces a brown band instead of black.
In self (solids) (aa), produces solid chocolate color.
With A_: Chocolate Chestnut Netherland Dwarf.
With at_: Chocolate Silver Marten.
With aa: Chocolate Netherland Dwarf.
Gene Name Description Examples
C Full color development Allows all 4 dark and all 3 yellow pigments to be present. Completely dominant. New Zealand Black
cchd Dark Chinchilla Allows all 4 dark and only 1 of the 3 yellow pigments to be present. Area becomes white or pearl. Completely dominant over the following c genes. Chinchilla
cchl Light Chinchilla (Shading) Allows 2 of the 4 dark and none of the 3 yellow pigments to be present. This lightens the color to sepia brown. Causes shading effects. Incompletely dominant over the following c genes. Shading is fine-tuned with the color intensifier genes. Sable and smoke pearl Netherland Dwarfs
ch Himalayan Causes dark extremities (points) which include the ears, nose, feet, and tail. Produces red eyes with other ch or c. Incompletely dominant over c. Californian, Seal Point.
c Albino Blocks the expression of all other color genes, producing a white rabbit with red eyes. New Zealand White
Ruby-Eyed White (rew)
Gene Name Description Examples
D Dense coat color Produces the full color shade. Causes the eye to be brown. New Zealand Black
d Diluted coat color Changes black to blue, chocolate to lilac, chestnut to opal, orange to fawn. Causes eye to be gray-blue. American Blue
Gene Name Description Examples
Es Steel With agouti, covers the middle band with dark pigment. Darkens the agouti type landmarks: eye circles, triangle at nape of neck, feet, legs, and inside of ears. Leaves white guard hairs (ticking). Black, Chestnut, and Chinchilla Steel
E Normal Extension of dark pigment Working with the C series genes, allows the complete expression of the dark brown pigment. New Zealand Black
ej Japanese brindling Works with Agouti gene to cause the black and yellow colors to be arranged in areas instead of individual hairs in a mosaic pattern. Rhinelander (with the Enen genes),
Harlequin
e Non-extension of the dark pigment Working with the C gene series and the rufus modifiers, this gene removes all or most of the dark pigment, leaving yellow, orange or white. New Zealand Red,
Sable Point Dwarf,
Frosted Pearl Dwarf
Gene Name Description Examples
En English Spotting Produces spots (broken patterns). Enen is normal spotting. EnEn causes spotting only in the head. enen causes no spotting. Works with the plus/minus modifiers to produce more or less spotting. Can also work with Du and V genes. English Spot,
Broken Rex
en Self-Colored Causes normal coloring without spotting. New Zealand Red
Gene Name Description Examples
Du Absence of Dutch Pattern DuDu causes no dutch patterns. Dudu causes partial white/colored patterns. dudu causes white belted dutch pattern. Works with the plus/minus modifiers to produce more or less color pattern. Can also work with the En and V genes. DuDu: Solid color rabbits
Dudu: Hotot (with EnEn and a lot of minus modifiers)
dudu:Dutch
du White Belt Dutch Pattern See Du for description Dutch
Gene Name Description Examples
V Vienna White VV: Normal coat color.
Vv: Dutch type markings on colored coat and colored spots on white coat.
The V gene can work with the plus/minus modifiers and the Du and En genes.
vv: Causes no color to express itselt and produces an all white rabbit with blue eyes.
VV: Almost all rabbits,
Vv: no known breeds,
vv: Blue-Eyed White
v Vienna White See V for description. Blue Eyed White (bew)
Gene Name Description Examples
W Normal Width of the middle yellow or white agouti band Normal coloring Chinchilla
w Doubles Width of the middle yellow or white agouti band Colors the agouti pattern areas: eye circles, triangle at nape of neck, feet, legs, inside of ears, and belly. New Zealand Red
Gene Name Description Examples
Si Normal Color Si_: has no effect on color New Zealand Black
si Silvered Color Produces silver white hairs and silver tipped hairs intermingled with regular hair throughout the coat. Silver,
Silver Fox

Pakar2 arnab dalam keluarga agouti (colour pattern) mengatakan untuk dapatkan warna yang plg bagus adalah dengan mengahwinkan agouti dengan agouti. Sama jugak kalau untuk dapatkan warna solid, kahwinkan solid dengan solid. Warna solid sebenarnya agak mudah nak dapat kalau kita elakkan REW (ruby eyed white) dan BEW (blue eyed white) rabbit. REW adalah albino di mana kalau kita kawinkan dengan solid, maka banyak warna akan terhasil memandangkan albino bukannya warna solid yang sebenar, tetapi resesif gen yang akan menghasilkan pelbagai gen dalam warna solid, sama jugak mcm BEW yang dikaitkan dengan gen Vienna. Gen Vienna nie mempengaruhi warna pada badan arnab di mana tak ada warna yang akan terhasil melainkan warna biru pada matanya.

Untuk maklumat lanjut mengenai contoh2 warna dan corak semua, silalah rujuk di laman web ni http://www.lionheadrabbit.net. Banyak sangat benda nak citer, jadi senang2 rujuklah kpd yang lebih pakar.

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